I. Definitions and Functions
1. Pipe Clamp
– Definition: A device used to secure pipes to supports, walls, or structures to prevent displacement or vibration.
– Functions:
– Restrict lateral or longitudinal pipe movement.
– Absorb vibration energy and reduce noise.
– Distribute pipe weight to avoid localized stress concentrations.
2. Pipe Hanger
– Definition: A device that suspends and supports pipe weight, typically hung from overhead structures (e.g., ceilings, beams).
– Functions:
– Support pipe weight and contents (e.g., water, gas).
– Allow limited displacement due to thermal expansion/contraction or seismic activity.
– Isolate mechanical vibrations from transferring to building structures.
II. Common Types and Classifications
1. Pipe Clamps
Based on structure, material, and application:
– ① U-Bolt Clamp
– Structure: U-shaped bolt + metal plate, tightened with nuts.
– Applications: Fixing round pipes (e.g., fire protection, gas pipelines).
– Variants: Rubber-lined U-bolts (vibration damping, anti-slip).
– ② C-Clamp
– Structure: C-shaped metal band secured with bolts.
– Applications: Quick fastening for lightweight pipes or cable trays.
– ③ Euro Clamp
– Structure: Two-piece metal clamp with rubber/polyurethane lining.
– Applications: Corrosion-resistant, high-impact environments (chemical plants, ships).
– ④ Seismic Clamp
– Structure: High-strength steel with displacement limiters.
– Applications: Earthquake-prone areas to restrict seismic movement.
– ⑤ Insulated Clamp
– Structure: Non-metallic (e.g., fiberglass) or heat-resistant materials.
– Applications: High-temperature pipes (steam lines) or anti-static environments.
2. Pipe Hangers
Based on support type and function:
Clevis Hangers, Ring Hangers, Riser Clamps, Short-handled Riser Clamps, Universal Beam Clamp, Pear Hanger, Cup Nut Pipe Loop
– ① Rigid Hanger
– Structure: Fixed-length metal rod (e.g., threaded rod) + suspension ring.
– Applications: Static pipes (no thermal movement), e.g., drainage systems.
– ② Spring Hanger
– Structure: Internal spring for adjustable tension.
– Applications: High-temperature pipes (thermal expansion compensation), e.g., steam lines.
– ③ Constant Support Hanger
– Structure: Mechanical system (e.g., lever + counterweight) for consistent load-bearing.
– Applications: Long high-temperature pipelines (nuclear plants, refineries).
– ④ Vibration Isolation Hanger
– Structure: Rubber/spring isolators to absorb vibrations.
– Applications: Pipes near pumps or compressors (reduce high-frequency vibrations).
– ⑤ Slide Hanger
– Structure: Rail + sliding base for horizontal movement.
– Applications: Thermal displacement compensation in long straight pipes or seismic zones.
III. Core Roles in Piping Systems
1. Mechanical Support
– Load Distribution: Evenly transfer pipe weight to structures, avoiding overload.
– Resist External Forces: Prevent pipe detachment due to wind, earthquakes, or vibrations.
2. Displacement Control
– Thermal Expansion: Spring/slide hangers allow free movement during temperature changes.
– Seismic Movement: Seismic clamps limit swing range to prevent collisions or breaks.
3. Vibration and Noise Management
– Vibration Isolation Hangers: Protect sensitive equipment (e.g., instruments) from pump/fan vibrations.
– Rubber-Lined Clamps: Reduce friction noise between pipes and supports.
4. Safety and Compliance
– Fire/Explosion Resistance: Stainless steel clamps for flammable/explosive environments.
– Regulatory Compliance: Meet standards like ASME B31.1 (power piping), NFPA 13 (fire protection).
IV. Selection and Design Considerations
1. Load Calculation
– Include pipe weight, fluid weight, snow/wind loads, and seismic forces.
2. Environmental Adaptability
– Corrosive environments (e.g., chemical plants): Use stainless steel or galvanized materials.
– High-temperature scenarios: Avoid plastics; use heat-resistant alloys or insulation.
3. Displacement Compatibility
– Thermal displacement determines rigid vs. flexible support choices.
4. Installation Spacing
– Determined by pipe diameter, material, and fluid density (refer to MSS SP-58 standards).
5. Typical Applications
| Scenario | Recommended Types | Reason |
| Fire Sprinkler Systems | Seismic U-bolt clamps + rigid hangers | Fireproof, seismic-resistant, precise sprinkler positioning |
| Chemical Plant Steam Lines | Constant support hangers + Euro clamps | Heat/corrosion resistance, thermal compensation |
| Commercial HVAC Systems | Vibration isolation hangers + C-clamps | Noise reduction, absorb fan vibrations |
| Nuclear Plant Coolant Pipes | Constant support hangers + stainless steel seismic clamps | High safety, radiation/earthquake resistance |
6. Conclusion
Pipe clamps and hangers act as the “bones and joints” of piping systems. Proper selection and installation ensure safety, durability, and functionality. Design must balance mechanics, environment, and regulations. For example, ignoring thermal displacement may cause stress cracks, while incorrect materials may fail in corrosive settings. Combining scientific calculations with engineering expertise achieves a system that is “stable under normal conditions yet flexible under stress.”
